BLOOMBERG’S PANEL FOR FAILED
EDUCATIONAL POLICY PLANS TO “RUBBER STAMP” MORE CO-LOCATIONS!
LET’S MARCH TOGETHER
TO THE PEP TO FIGHT FOR OUR SCHOOLS AND TO MAKE OUR VOICES HEARD!
Written and edited by Norm Scott: EDUCATE! ORGANIZE!! MOBILIZE!!! Three pillars of The Resistance – providing information on current ed issues, organizing activities around fighting for public education in NYC and beyond and exposing the motives behind the education deformers. We link up with bands of resisters. Nothing will change unless WE ALL GET INVOLVED IN THE STRUGGLE!
Commissioner John King faced a tough crowd while meeting with parents last night. (GS in Brief)
Reformy NY Education Commish gets taken to the woodshed by parents. .. The Chalkface
King has "suspended" the four remaining forums on Common Core after last night's town hall in Poughkeepsie (including Oct. 15 in Garden City).
Commissioner King Gets Spanked.
King gets the Cathy Black treatment.
Unbelievable that King spent an hour and 40 minutes talking about our children but didn't want his children mentioned for one minute. So what if they do Common Core--they don't get tested and their teachers don't get fired!
King loves to speak in front of friendly groups like E4E. Not this time.
It is interesting (unfortunate) that the NYS PTA is backing the commissioner, not the parents! Just like the UFT!! Certainly the people at the meeting are on our side.
I love the title of Chris Cerrone's blog post, "Reformy NY Education Commish gets taken to the woodshed by parents."
We need to do everything we can to fan the flames.
Perdido St. School blog uses Danielson to meadure King 's rigor and excellence.The word late last night via Facebook is that the remaining four NYS PTA town halls were "suspended"--presumably because of the Oct. 10 meeting! I know Long Island was ready to go with signs in hand and a strategy to get people signed up to speak and make the most of the allotted time.
The video needs to go viral so that it will get NYC media attention; I was telling the LI parents there should be a press release about the fact that the Oct. 15 event was suspended and should link to the video.
Fred, you've got an oped here that needs to get wide circulation right now. One of the worst things Bloomberg has done is successfully portray the UFT as his opponent. Talk about convenient; you can score points by trashing the union while its leadership essentially does your bidding. The general public is oblivious to the fact that the union leadership not support teachers or parents or students in the face of the onslaught of destructive policies from the state. Your response to Mulgrew really brings this home. ... Jeff, CTS
In defense of his controversial statement opposing the consequences of high-stakes testing, Michael Mulgrew, UFT President for Life, issued the following statement:The UFT loves the common bore. So does Bill Gates, Joel Klein, Dennis Walcott, Exon-Mobil. Here is some commentary by Rosalie Friend, a retired college teacher and a member of Change the Stakes.
"I'm against the use of guns and rifles to kill people, but strongly believe we need to improve the design of Uzis and assault weapons. I wouldn't want to offend the NRA... Fred Smith
Some parents in Change the Stakes raised questions about just what the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) meant for our students. I am spelling out my own take on the CCSS after a career as a reading specialist. I have tried to avoid being technical or using jargon, and I hope I have something to contribute to the discussion.
When the Common Core State Standards were first unveiled, the International Reading Association was supporting them. I liked the idea of deeper processing and critical thinking. Still, I was not sure: if children were not meeting the NCLB standards, how would it help to set higher standards?? In math the claim was that they would cover fewer topics in greater depth each year. US math curricula have been criticized as being a mile wide and an inch deep.
Standard procedure in education requires that a new curriculum or major change in instruction must be field tested on a small sample of students and then on a large representative sample to determine whether it works as planned. It should be modified until it works well enough to be used. The CCSS were never field tested, leading many to feel that our children were being subjected to something untried, untested, and unknown.
When I read the ELA standards for middle grades in depth, they did not sound unreasonable. These were standards, not curricula. They listed examples of materials that might be used, not required materials. They espoused writing and critical thinking instead of exercises and workbooks.
As I saw how the standards were being implemented, and read the comments of others, I liked the CCSS less and less. There is a consensus that the primary grade standards are terrible inappropriate for the developmental stage of the children. If we are to raise achievement of the older children, we must start by improving instruction in the early grades, but introducing tasks that are not developmentally appropriate, does not improve instruction.
To me, the notion of "close reading," not linking what is read to prior knowledge, is insanity. For the last 20 years cognitive psychology has been based on the idea that learning requires the mental construction of webs of linked memories. If memories are not linked with other ideas and processes, they cannot be retrieved!! If what is learned can't be retrieved for use in new situations, it is worthless. This outlook was central whole career and my research, so I am horrified at the idea that David Coleman and his CCSS crew would have us set it aside. When I speak to other reading faculty who did not specialize as much in this aspect of reading, they are also horrified by "close reading."
The idea of having children do more thinking and more writing is very dear to my notions of progressive education, so when I see the new tests still using multiple choice questions, I am flabbergasted. How can you test critical thinking using multiple choice tests? Isn't the point of critical thinking to teach children to wrestle with real questions that don't have a single right answer?
If you want to teach children to write well, you must have small enough classes so that teachers can critique children's compositions. Especially in middle school and high school, if you have 145 students, you cannot read and critique a composition by every student every week.
Another horrifying problem is that SMART and PARCC, the two consortia creating the common core exams, intend to use computers to grade essay questions. I cannot believe that computers will be good judges of coherence and rhetoric. I am sure that they will not be able to recognize and reward originality.
Thus, I have concluded that I cannot in good faith, support the use of the Common Core State Standards as they are being implemented.
As a student of psychology, especially Piaget, Gardner, and Chomsky- I have to say this is an amazing analysis!Here's some comments from Fred Smith and others on Mulgrew's new baby spawned by the activities of MORE -- a reso calling for a moratorium on the impact of testing - until Tweed gets materials into the hands of teachers --- a grubby little reso they pushed at the DA yesterday -- but I won't get into those weeds and wait to show you some video.
I teach high school psych and we always look at the cognitive process, why thinking critically is better for development than rote memorization. It is clear the common core and standardized testing stands against all cognitive research of what is most effective for a sound education.
Wrong, Michael.
You need a moratorium not on the high-stakes consequences of the tests--you need a moratorium on the tests themselves. How convenient it is to now call for a thoughtful examination of the 2014 exams. What about the core-aligned 2013 tests? What about the past year that was wasted fighting about them and getting nothing of educational value in return. Where's the call for an investigation of a massive "core-aligned" testing scam--the results of which can't be compared to testing that came before nor provide a meaningful baseline for whatever surprises are coming next.
Yes, the DOE is to blame for senseless test-related policies. But get real. Where's your outrage at Regents Chancellor Merryl Tisch, Education Commissioner John King and all the other SED operatives who perpetrated the Common Core fraud on all of us on your ineffective watch.
How long did it take you to come up with this tortured formulation, this mealy-mouthed moratorium on the consequences of something that is inarguably a disaster. We need an indefinite moratorium on ill-conceived tests for which SED will never have its act together, Pal--period, end.
We need to exalt teachers and their professionalism, nurture and develop them, foster the natural overpowering alliance they should have with parents (that somehow the UFT never forges), and dismantle the current testing regimen that you would rather refine than replace with authentic assessment of student progress over the school year, as observed and judged by teachers.
This will never happen by calling for a moratorium on the consequences of testing -- but not for a moratorium on the cause--the costly, defective testing engine that has driven education over the cliff.
As we used to say, Michael--Lead, follow or get the hell out of the way!
Fred Smith
Yep, Fred, the only way to go. As long as those tests are given there will be abuses and an incredible amount of money spent that would be much better spent on lowering class size and resources for the classroom. And Mulgrew must know that - as does every teacher. The most damaging aspect is that our kids are being denied the education they deserve. They only get one bite of the apple and for many it is too late.
Fred, you've got an oped here that needs to get wide circulation right now. One of the worst things Bloomberg has done is successfully portray the UFT as his opponent. Talk about convenient; you can score points by trashing the union while its leadership essentially does your bidding. The general public is oblivious to the fact that the union leadership not support teachers or parents or students in the face of the onslaught of destructive policies from the state. Your response to Mulgrew really brings this home.
Vincent W, Mike Shirtzer and many MORE members and supporters protest against unfair teacher evaluation system at DA The MORE sign |
Goodbye Eric (Grannis), good bye EricWe have always said that so-called demand for charters is a mostly homg grown Charters can be beaten back when the community organizes. A UFT official told me at the DA today that Roy Mann MS in Brooklyn had a massive outpouring against an Eva invasion last night I believe. Contrary to Eva plastering the neigborhood with signs, the entire area was covered with notices to attend the hearing. The principal had to open a spillover room. Let's see how this one plays out. De Blasio would have at most a month to rescind the
We're happy to see you go
(even though we don't believe the State Ed Charter Suck-Up Center (CSUC) would ever close a charter even if it had 1 kid left.)
The resolution is worse than useless, since it gives the false impression, intended to pacify the membership, that the union leadership is protecting our interests in this matter, rather than co-managing the implementation of the Common Corporate Standards and Danielson checklists along with the so-called reformers. .. Michael Fiorillo posted at Perdido Street School
My reasons for opposing the UFT resolution today are up at the ICE blog. If we support it, then we are supporting common core and the advance evaluation system in principle. If we try to amend it, we are still supporting Danielson which most people I talk to absolutely hate. UFT's resolution doesn't go far enough while it undercuts the work MORE did. Unity is just trying to do something for the disgruntled membership while they can still be education reformers when talking to the elite. Congratulations to all for impacting UFT policy but now is a chance to take it much further and truly distinguish the real opposition from Unity-New Action..... James Eterno
...the reso says nothing about what the UFT will do to achieve even a partial moratorium. No mobilization, no pressure campaign. It is just a paper reso they'll pass and ignore... Kit Wainer
This moratorium call, btw, would be the same thing Randi Weingarten called for a while back. But the UFT Executive Board did not call for an end to the punitive and abusive Danielson observations, did not point out the absurdity of evaluating teachers based upon test scores of students they don't teach in subjects they're not licensed in, did not point out the harm using a value-added test score measurement with a margin of error the size of Randi Weingarten's ego will do to teachers and schools.
Oh, no - it didn't do any of that.
Rather, the UFT Executive Board hailed the Common Core State (sic) Standards "as a means toward ensuring that children in the city and across the country learn the critical thinking skills necessary for success in today’s competitive world." Looks like they took that text directly from a Gates Foundation pamphlet or Arne Duncan's Twitter feed.... Perdido Street School
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: October 8th, 2013
Media Contacts:Julian Vinocur. 203.313.2479. julianvinocur@gmail.com
Dan Morris. 917.952.8920. dlmcommunications@gmail.com
Stuart Marques. 917.273.6194. stuart.marques@gmail.com
A Memo on Eva Moskowitz's March and the #TaleofTwoSchoolSystemsTo: Interested PartiesRe: Eva Moskowitz’s March for Separate and Unequal EducationEva’s Stunt Would be a Fireable Offense for Anyone ElseToday’s march is a political maneuver by Success Charter Schools CEO Eva Moskowitz to perpetuate a dark tale of two school systems in which charter schools thrive and traditional public schools struggle to survive.Her chosen candidate for mayor, Joe Lhota, has pledged to double the number of charter schools in the city. Moskowitz and Lhota are marching together in favor of separate and unequal education, while Bill de Blasio has said he would charge charter schools rent and support a moratorium on co-locations and closings to make the system fairer and more equitable.Make no mistake: closing schools for half the day, as Moskowitz has done today, to “facilitate” the participation of parents, students, and staff in a political march would be a fireable offense for most public school principals.But Moskowitz is not viewed by City Hall as an ordinary figure, so she’ll get away what would be a career-damaging stunt for anyone else. She’s been given special treatment by Mayor Bloomberg and the Department of Education, and she fears the favoritism and perks will end under de Blasio.NYGPS and Bill de Blasio: Ending the Tale of Two School SystemsNew Yorkers for Great Public Schools (NYGPS) is a coalition of thousands of parents, students, educators, and community organizations. We have called for a moratorium on divisive school closings and co-locations that have pit parent against parent, student against student and school against school. A majority of City Council members and several mayoral candidates—including Bill de Blasio—have embraced our view.We are committed to ending the tale of two school systems and giving all public schools a fair and equal chance to succeed. We are focused on strengthening all public schools and ensuring that charter schools don't receive special treatment or get away with neglecting the needs of the city's most vulnerable students.Charters must be held to the same standards as traditional public schools. Our next mayor should require charter schools to report on finances, instruction, school policy and operations to increase their transparency and accountability within the overall school system. Well-off charter schools should pay fees for their use of traditional public school facilities in a way that is fair and equitable.Top 5 Reasons Why Eva’s #TaleofTwoSchoolSystems Must End:1) Charter Schools Serve Fewer than 5% of the City’s 1.1 Million Students
- Charter schools enroll fewer than 5% of New York City's 1.1 million students and data shows high rates of attrition at some Success Academy schools for ELL students and students with disabilities. Only 6% of students enrolled in charters are ELLs, compared with 14% citywide, and only 9% of charter students have IEPs compared to about 15% citywide.
- To continue to give charter schools special treatment would be to neglect the needs of 95% of the city’s 1.1 million students. It’s unfair and unacceptable.
2) Charter Schools Often Receive More Funding Than Traditional Public Schools
- The NYC Independent Budget Office reported in 2011 that charter schools that receive free space in city buildings receive about $650 more per student in public funding than traditional district schools.
3) Eva Has Received Special Treatment from Bloomberg’s DOE
- The relationship between Eva Moskowitz and the Dept. of Education has been extremely cozy with a level of access to resources and special favors unknown to most other administrators. The disturbing exchanges, made public by FOIL’ed email exchanges, show Eva’s special treatment. She told former Chancellor Joel Klein, "help on space much appreciated," referring to her divisive co-locations, and confided to him, “we will have market share and will have fundamentally changed the rules of the game."
- Eva’s co-located charter schools create separate and unequal health standards in public school buildings, as many Success charter schools were bumped to the top of the line in the removal of toxic PCB’s while public school students were left exposed to hazardous chemicals. Many of the toxic treatment for her charter schools occurred without informing the Dept. of Education.
4) Eva’s Multi-Dollar Network Refuses to Pay Rent for Public Space
- Eva makes two times the salary as Chancellor Walcott and still refuses to pay rent in co-located schools. Most recent tax filings for Success Network show Eva earns at least $475,000, which is two times the salary of Chancellor Walcott.
- While she refuses to pay rent for normal services and space costs, it was reported in 2012 her network received $28 million from foundations and corporations over the last 6 years, with a combined $23.5 million surplus, and two outside political consulting groups on the payroll.
5) Eva Uses Zero Tolerance Discipline to Push Out High-Needs Students
- Eva’s schools are notorious for excluding high needs students. The “charter school tapes,” unveiled by Daily News reporter Juan Gonzalez, highlight over a dozen cases where the charter school network has used “zero tolerance” discipline policiesto suspend, push out, or demote high needs students who might lower scores on state exams.
- Harlem Success 1, Eva’s oldest school, suspended 22% of its pupils at least once during the 2010-11 school year, while the average for regular elementary district schools was 3%.
- Further, as reported by New York Magazine, her approach is militaristic: New students are initiated at “kindergarten boot camp,” where they get drilled for two weeks on how to behave in the “zero noise” corridors (straight lines, mouths shut, arms at one’s sides) and the art of active listening (legs crossed, hands folded, eyes tracking the speaker).
Please visit www.nygps.org, for more information
The charter industry spends thousands of dollars per students to pull demand. One of today's march organizers, the CEO of CMO PublicPrep, recently had to pull an offer to pay families ( $100 in AmEx gift cards + $100 to college fund 529) under pressure form DoE/the charter lobby because it exposes how desperate these schools are to create demand.... Clearly demand does not drive policy- so why does the DoE and charter lobby keep pretending they should? ....
We FOILed the enrollment figures and zip codes of students for CWC Williasmburg (Citizens of the World - run be Eva Moskowitz' husband) and this is what we found out: CWC Williamsburg has only 65 students (out of a planned 126). A total of only 39 Kindergartners and 26 1st graders.AND, when we looked at their zip codes, only THREE students come from the school's zip code.
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Remember how Citizens of the World Charter Schools was seeking TWO charter schools in D14 because parents were begging for them? Walcott, in his comments to SUNY, even said that two CWCs were great, but there was only "sufficient space" for one in D14 (the other is in D17). Yet Walcott found sufficient space to co-locate more schools in D14 later in the year.The NYC DOE co-located CWC Williamsburg in the ONLY middle school in the area. We FOILed the enrollment figures and zip codes of students for CWC Williasmburg and this is what we found out: CWC Williamsburg has only 65 students (out of a planned 126). A total of only 39 Kindergartners and 26 1st graders.AND, when we looked at their zip codes, only THREE students come from the school's zip code. Anywhere from 60-86% are coming from out of the district. We would have a more definitive figure, but one of the zip codes is shared by D32 (2/3 of the zip is in D32).------
We need to push back on the myth that charter schools benefit from what DoE refers to as 'robust demand' which then justifies all the favor, attention and space showered upon them by this administration. Many of us question the accuracy and even existence of these tens of thousands of students on wait lists.
-----All the charter schools in my district have claimed enormous demand as evidenced by huge wait lists yet none of them can meet their enrollment targets.Indeed one of today's march organizers, the CEO of CMO PublicPrep, recently had to pull an offer to pay families ( $100 in AmEx gift cards + $100 to college fund 529) under pressure form DoE/the charter lobby because it exposes how desperate these schools are to create demand.This is the same network that has emailed glossy postcards to the families and students in the community directly having been given, for free, access to the DoE's registers of enrolled students.The charter industry spends thousands of dollars per students to pull demand.Does that undocumented demand justify the creation and colocation of schools that take resources form existing schools/students?
Such great stuff exposing the myth of charter demand which the press ignores. Keep em coming.The Mayor does not think that 'demand' for sodas or guns on our streets is reason to allow or encourage their proliferation at the expense of our citizen's health and safety.At last night's colocation hearing for a new CTE school NOT ONE person or organization attended or spoke in favor of the proposal.In this year's choice-based K admissions process in D1 some 3102 applicants applied for 886 seats.Where does that "wait list" and "robust demand" get tallied, weighed and taken into account?Our district seats are getting converted to citywide HS's, G and T and charter schools.Clearly demand does not drive policy- so why does the DoE and charter lobby keep pretending they should?
New York State Education Law requires that when a district provides space or services to a charter school it shall do so at cost. Yet the DOE provides free space and services for more than 100 co-located charter schools. Using figures from the NYC Independent Budget Office, we estimate that the space and services these charter schools currently receive is worth more than $100 million a year. A large chunk of that unfair subsidy goes to Success charters, which operates 22 schools across New York City, all of them co-located, with plans for seven more schools in 2014. Yet Success had an operating surplus of more than $23 million in 2012, and probably enjoys an even larger surplus this year.”A follow-up to this morning's post: NYC Public Schools Rally in Opposition to Charters....
Sign for Oct 8 Charter Rally: Keep Eva's salary at half a million |
Growing Fairness was produced “because we were receiving an exponentially increasing number of requests from organizations and educators, locally and around the country, for training” in restorative justice, says Sally Lee, executive director of Teachers Unite in New York City. At one middle school featured in Growing Fairness, suspensions fell by almost 90 percent; at a high school in New York City, they fell by a quarter.... The American ProspectI'm proud of the work Teachers Unite is doing - I was one of the first members - and a supporter of restorative justice. I think even without knowing it I used some of the principles by instinct in my classrooms. I saw the film a few weeks ago and it makes such a strong case for us to look at discipline in another way. Some thing RJ is just a way for kids who misbehave to avoid accountability. But it's the opposite. Kids are held accountable in front of their peers who take part in judging them. Instead of letting problems fester and keep cropping up again, there is a mechanism in place to deal with them other than suspension, sending to dean, etc.
Restorative Justice's After-School Special
October 4, 2013
“Education was where my heart was,” says Tyrone Sinclair in Growing Fairness, a documentary showcasing the impact restorative-justice programs can have in our nation's schools. Sinclair says he was expelled from school at 16, became homeless, and then ended up in jail. Now, he organizes young people in Los Angeles. “I knew that wasn’t the place for me,” he says of prison. “I love to learn every day.”
Growing Fairness was screened at the Thurgood Marshall Center in Washington, D.C., this Wednesday, at an event hosted by Critical Exposure, a local youth group that trains high-school students in photography so they can document problems in their communities. The audience included mostly high-school students and people in their 20s, most of whom were interested in or researched education reform, though a few older community members and attorneys for civil-rights organizations were also present. The event was part of the fourth annual Week of Action organized by the Dignity in Schools Campaign, a network of grassroots groups who want to reform school discipline by turning schools toward restorative justice instead of well-worn—and ineffective—punitive measures.
Restorative justice is a theory of discipline that emphasizes rehabilitation rather than punishment. In 2009-2010, over 3 million students were suspended from K-12 schools, most of them disciplined for minor infractions, like disrupting class. Suspensions do not just mean missed time; they also lower a student’s chances of graduating. People who do not graduate from high school are more likely to be imprisoned later in life. Reformers believe restorative justice can largely stop that process, also known as a school-to-prison pipeline.
Discussion circles and peer mediation are among restorative justice's hallmarks, as is a prohibition on suspensions as punishment for minor offenses. The remarkable success of these practices in several once-dangerous schools helps explain the philosophy’s growing popularity. Notoriously tough Ralph J. Bunch Academy in Oakland cut its suspensions in half in just one year; West Philadelphia High School, one of the city's roughest, reduced violent incidents by over 50 percent in the same amount of time; and arrests at Fenger High School in Chicago—which drew national attention when honors student Derrion Albert was beaten to death outside the school in 2009—cut arrests from over 200 to less than a dozen, also in one year.
In fact, Growing Fairness was produced “because we were receiving an exponentially increasing number of requests from organizations and educators, locally and around the country, for training” in restorative justice, says Sally Lee, executive director of Teachers Unite in New York City. At one middle school featured in Growing Fairness, suspensions fell by almost 90 percent; at a high school in New York City, they fell by a quarter.
Growing Fairness is primarily concerned with the philosophy’s practical implications. We see a community circle in Oakland and a student-led justice panel in New York City. We hear students express gratitude for the program. We also watch the theory guide the policies. In one sequence, Nicholas Merchant-Bleiberg, an assistant principal at the Lyons Community School in New York City, describes the aftermath of a gang leader’s expulsion. “There was a part of that moment that—fairly—was relief,” explaining that the student created “a lot of drama.” Then the dean of students wrote an email that “affected me for life … acknowledging that it’s not anybody’s fault that he didn’t do well, but we have to get better at him.” There will be more gang leaders, and administrators must learn how to help them. “It’s our mandate—we’re supposed to teach kids like him.”
This Week of Action, which ends Saturday, is the biggest ever held. Several Gay Straight Alliance and LGBTQ organizations are participating for the first time and events were held everywhere from rural Mississippi to Miami. The events included community meetings in Little Rock, Arkansas; tours of schools that have limited the role of law enforcement officials in Los Angeles; a march followed by a rally in Lawrenceville, Georgia; town-hall forums in Chicago; a cookout in Paterson, New Jersey; and a play performance in Durham, North Carolina.
Although restorative justice's supporters are increasing, implementing it, like any major reform, will take time—a point emphasized in the film. Some principals and teachers are skeptical that group circles will prevent fist-fights, says Lee. Restorative justice also requires money: a salaried counselor to oversee the program, pay for teachers who work with students after school. That problem is especially acute at a time of slim budgets. After making its remarkable turnaround, Fenger High School in Chicago lost the federal money that funded its restorative-justice program last school year; in Philadelphia, ten schools running pilot restorative practices programs are being squeezed by layoffs of 3,700 school officials and an influx of students from the city's 23 newly closed schools. School closing in both cities—Chicago shuttered 47 this year—disproportionately hit minorities and low-income students, the same groups hurt most by the school-to-prison pipeline. One low-cost change many schools can make is to switch all out-of-school suspensions for minor offenses to in-school suspensions; that change would keep students off the streets, where they are more likely to be arrested. Many cities also have youth organizations that run restorative-justice sessions after school, where young people can resolve their differences and also receive training to advocate for change from public officials.
Even if the funding is not there, the will, at the least the latent will, is. In a recent survey of New York City teachers, Teachers Unite and the National Economic and Social Rights Initiative found that educators believed “overwhelmingly that what makes a school safe was really a whole school-culture approach, not just one isolated practice,” says Lee. Matthew, a 10th grader interviewed in Growing Fairness, echoes that sentiment. “The teachers have a lot of respect for the kids here and I find that amazing,” he says of his new school, which has a restorative-justice program. “Because at my middle school, if you were failing, you were failing—they didn’t offer you anything. But at this school I find that with the support of my teacher and the other teachers here, I can succeed.”